Nowadays, due to global warming, drought and the occurrence of cold periods and heat stress, the study of climatic variables is very important. Therefore, in this research, the long-term forecast of temperature changes in northwest Iran in the base period (1985-2014) and three periods of the near future (2021-2050), the medium future (2051-2080) and the distant future (2100-2081) was paid. For this purpose, 2 extreme temperature indices including Warm spells duration index (WSDI) and cold spells duration index (CSDI) and Maan-Kendall trend test were used to check the changes. To predict the changes of the profiles in the future period after evaluating 7 general circulation models (GCMs) from the sixth report model series (CMIP6) from two optimal models under three socio-economic forcing scenarios including SSP1-2. 6, SSP3-7. 0 and SSP5-8. 5 was used. The spatial distribution of the trend of changes in the Warm spells duration index (WSDI) in the base period showed that its maximum core is located in the south and southwest of the region, and its amount decreases by moving towards the north and northeast. Spatial changes of the Cold spells duration index (CSDI) are characterized by its maximum cores in the western regions and around Lake Urmia and minimum cores in the central and northern regions of the study area. According to the results, the average Warm spells duration index (WSDI) and of the Cold spells duration index (CSDI) are equal to 5. 53 and 3. 80 days per year, respectively, and the maximum and minimum Warm spells duration index (WSDI) are 1. 8 and 2. 7 days, respectively Piranshahr and Parsabad stations and the maximum and minimum and the Cold spells duration index (CSDI) are also 5. 7 and 1. 32 days corresponding to Zarineh and Marivan stations. Examining the trend of changes also showed that in most stations, the WSDI index has an increasing trend, and this trend has become significant in some stations, but the CSDI index has a decreasing trend and is not significant in any of the stations. The evaluation of different models with different error measurement indices also showed that MRI-ESM2-0 and MPI-ESM1-2-L models have the best performance in simulating temperature extreme in the studied area. The distribution of changes in the future period also showed that the WSDI will increase in most stations and based on all three scenarios, especially the SSP5-8. 5 scenario, but the CSDI trend will decrease in most stations and based on the SSP3-7. 0 and SSP5-8. 5 scenarios will be significant.

Introduction How is social development measured in Iran? Social development is a multidimensional concept and no single dimension can provide a comprehensive understanding of it. However, measuring complex social issues, such as social development with their various dimensions and dispersed information as a single variable poses significant challenges. As a result, composite indicators are typically employed. In recent years, the use of these indicators has grown significantly among international organizations. Despite their increasing popularity, aggregating heterogeneous information into a composite indicator remains difficult and social researchers in Iran have largely overlooked this issue. Often, social development indicators are considered in isolation, which leads to a narrow and incomplete perspective in policymaking. The absence of a scientific consensus on the selection of these indicators has rendered social development goals somewhat idealistic and subjective. Therefore, construction of a composite indicator is crucial. Such an indicator can improve data management, enhance analysis, optimize resource utilization, and facilitate comparisons across different regions. Furthermore, a composite indicator can capture long-term changes and sustainable impacts, serving as an effective tool for evaluating and monitoring projects and policies. Nonetheless, the process of constructing a composite indicator is complex and fraught with challenges as key decisions can significantly impact the quality and reliability of the results. This article explored the methodological decisions involved in creating a Composite Social Development Index (CSDI) in Iran, addressed the associated challenges, and proposed new methods to clarify this issue.     Materials & Methods In this study, we adopted the method developed by Nardo et al. for constructing the composite index. When selecting a method for aggregating individual indicators, several key factors must be considered: nature of indicators (compensated vs. non-compensated), type of aggregation (simple vs. complex), basis of comparison (absolute vs. relative), and nature of weightings (objective vs. subjective). It is important to recognize that there is no definitive or permanent approach to the composite indicator-building process. At times, it may be necessary to forgo certain requirements or adjust the methodology based on specific circumstances.   Discussion of Results & Conclusion This article explored the methodological tools employed in constructing the Composite Social Development Index (CSDI), highlighting the key decisions made at each stage. The primary dimensions of social development were identified during the theoretical framework phase. The selection of indices and indicators was guided by their alignment with theoretical content and the principle of non-compensation. Data were collected from various sources, including the general census, statistical yearbooks, official organizational reports, and reputable national research projects. To validate the underlying structure of the data, it was evaluated against criteria, such as analytical power, lack of overlap, accessibility, and reliability. Normalization techniques were applied to facilitate meaningful comparisons between indicators, which included standardizing the data to a common scale or adjusting it relative to a constant value. To address the issue of unequal weighting, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to assign appropriate weights to the indicators. Subsequently, the weighted normalized indicators were aggregated using mathematical modeling to ensure that the final index accurately reflected the multifaceted nature of social development. The constructed index underwent validation through consistency checks and comparisons with existing social development measurements. The results indicated that the CSDI, which encompassed 3 dimensions, 11 indicators, and 89 indices, effectively analyzed various aspects of social development in a coherent and comprehensible manner. This tool not only enables policymakers to accurately assess the current situation, but also facilitates monitoring of changes and analysis of trends within the social domain. The CSDI serves as an analytical tool that aids in formulating social development action strategies for interventions by enhancing understanding of the situation, enabling regular and direct monitoring, analyzing trends, and increasing policymakers' responsiveness.

Spatio-temporal variability of wet and dry spells can be controlled by climate variability within a watershed and will affect availability of water resources and management plans. The application of the wet-dry spell analysis is presented for seven synoptic stations in the western part of Iran (Kurdistan Province). Numbers of consecutive months with standardized amount greater or less than the zero value were determined using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) as meteorological drought monitoring indices using R programming software. The characteristics of wet-dry spells which are parameters derived from 3-month SPI and SPEI indices were quantified and used to classify drought occurrence in the study area. Several drought parameters, such as number of wet-dry months/spells, maximum-minimum of drought intensity, max/min and average duration, were compared. The SPEI values calculated higher average intensity of wet and dry events in all stations in the study area. It is found that there is not a significant difference between SPI and SPEI indices in determining the long wet-dry spell durations. The SPEI value determines the highest number of change points between wet and dry spell occurrence which can be related to seasonal variation of temperature and calculated evapotranspiration. There is not a good correlation between SPI and SPEI in identification of the number of wet months, whereas, a significant positive correlation obtained between calculated number of dry spells using employed indices. Results reveal that the SPI and SPEI tools are not in agreement in detection of extreme wet and dry intensities according to insignificance of correlation coefficient. In this regard, the severe drought condition were identified to be 13 and 5 months in the Sanandaj and Baneh stations, respectively. Also the SPEI index were recognized at least 1 month as extreme drought at four stations. A strong correlation was found between the intensity of wet periods through applying SPI and SPEI. Comparison of the SPEI with other methods is necessary to understand the occurrence and variability of wet-dry events through different climatic regions.

Cryoaccumulator gels can retain cold temperature for long periods of time. These gels are used in medicine and transporting of medico-biological objects in cold condition. In this paper, two types of gels, the so-called soft gel and hard gel, have been formulated. Polyacrylamide, which was synthesized by precipitation polymerization in acetone, has been used as a gel in formulation of these cold packs. To evaluate the cold duration in the formulated gels, temperature changes of these gels have been measured versus time. Performed tests showed that cold duration in hard gels is longer than in soft gels, on precise term, average life of a soft gel is about 3h and for a hard gel it is about 10h. Also, the polyacrylamide crosslinking density affects the cold duration in soft gels. It has been evaluated and observed that with changing this parameter we can substantially extend the cold life of these gels.

The aim of this study is assessment and detection of climate change in Iran during recent decade. Daily precipitation, minimum and maximum data from 1437 synoptic, climatology and rain gauge stations during 1/1/1962 to 31/12/2004 has been used. Daily data interpolated by Kriging geo-statistical method over 15×15 kilometer pixels. A matrix with 15706×7187 dimension has been created that on the rows located days and on the columns, pixels. In order to detect climate change, 27 climate change indices used that was recommended by Expert Team on climate Change and Indices (ETCCDI). The results of this study show that warm extreme indices, including Summer Days (SU25), Warm Days (TX90p), Warm nights (TN90p) and Tropical nights (TR20) are increasing during the study period. While extreme cold indices for example Frost days (FD), Ice days (ID), Cold nights (TN10p) and Cold Days (TX10p) are decreasing. Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) is being longer while Cold Spell Duration Index (CSDI) is being shorter. The increase of maximum daily temperature and minimum temperature result in a decrease in Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR). The results also show positive trends for the frequency of occurrence of extreme precipitation.

Climate change with changing climate patterns and confounds Ecosystems discipline, imports Serious consequences on the environment. Changes in weather patterns Could Lead to severe flooding, extreme heat or cold, more frequent droughts. Each of these phenomena could put at risk the regional food reserves. North east of Iran due to the large area has very varied natural conditions and each of the areas included specific natural features. The extent of the area and factors such as mountains rising, desert areas. In this research, were use 25 year synoptic meteorological stations (14 stations) statistics from1/1/1987 to 31/12/2011? Result show that some station such an Ghochan and Sabzevar, show an decrease trend in the number of extreme temperature indices (CSDI, TR20, TNX, FD, TN10P). Other stations, in 90%, experience increase extreme temperature changes. Among the indicators, in the first order; the days of Summer, the warm days, The maximum temperature limit, the warm nights, the warm period duration Indicators Show an increase of 100% and cold days index shows an decreas of 100%. Also the minimum temperature of at least, maximum temperature of at least and tropical night indicators by more than 85% increasing trend and the cold night index by more than 85% are In second place. The maximum temperature of at least and the growing season duration indicators with 71% and 69% increasing trend and the ice days index with 71% decreasing trend, are In the third place. Hence we can derive the great Khorasan experience sever increasing temperature changes in last 25 years and based on behavior of indices, severity of this changes in coming decades will be multiple.

In order to build middle Asia collection in the Mashhad Botanical Garden, some plants such as Cotoneaster were produced by seed. The research was carried out with the aim of removing barriers to sexual propagation Cotoneaster in nursery. Cotoneaster nummularioides Pojark fruits were collected from Kopet Dag highlands mountainous region in northeastern Khorasan Razavi. The seeds were performed on 25 treatments in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study the effect of different chilling and different scarified treatments was investigated. Studied treatments zero (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4 months cold stratification and chemical scarification, including without scarification (control), hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid-Potassium nitrate, sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid-Potassium nitrate. After the end of the treatments, the seeds were sown in a greenhouse in bed of coco peat – perlite. The results showed that there was significant difference (P<0. 01) among the studied treatments and sulfuric acid-Potassium nitrate with 4 months cold stratification had had the highest average germination (18. 3 percent). In controls, chilling in 1 and 2 and 3 month without scarification and chilling 1 month with scarification treatments; no germination was observed. The problem dormancy Cotoneaster resolved under the combined effects of scratches Shell and cold stratification, As a result, the physical and physiological factors influence the dormancy of this species.